Allocating transmission resources to MTC-type terminals

ABSTRACT

An apparatus and method for allocating transmission resources to MTC-type terminals and transmitting data in mobile telecommunication systems in dependence upon the capability of the RF receiver equipment of those terminals. Where a virtual carrier is established to carry data for a given MTC-type device, the position of the center frequency for that virtual carrier is assigned on the basis of both the capability of the RF receiver equipment of that terminal and the degree of traffic congestion on the frequency band at which the virtual carrier has been established.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of and claims the benefit ofpriority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 from U.S. application Ser. No.14/414,830, filed Jan. 14, 2015, which is a national stage ofInternational Application No. PCT/GB2013/052273, filed Aug. 29, 2013,which is based upon and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 from British Patent Application No. 1217410.8, filed Sep. 28, 2012,the entire contents of each of which is hereby incorporated herein byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods, systems and apparatus forallocating transmission resources and transmitting data in mobiletelecommunication systems.

Embodiments of the present invention can for example allocate oftransmission resources to machine type communication (MTC) devices incellular telecommunications networks having orthogonal frequencydivision multiplex (OFDM) based radio access technology (such as WiMAXand LTE).

Certain classes of telecommunications device, such as MTC devices (e.g.semi-autonomous or autonomous wireless communication terminals), support“low capability” communication applications that are characterised, forinstance, by the transmission of small amounts of data at relativelyinfrequent intervals.

In many scenarios, it is preferable to provide terminals dedicated tosuch “low capability” communication applications with a simple receiverunit (or transceiver unit) having capabilities more commensurate withthe amount of data likely to be transmitted to (or from) the terminal.This more limited capability contrasts with the capabilities of theconventional mobile telecommunications terminals, such as smartphones,which share access to the same telecommunications networks.

To support MTC terminals, it has been proposed to introduce a “virtualcarrier” operating within a bandwidth of one or more “host carriers”:the proposed virtual carrier concept preferably integrates within thetransmission resources of conventional OFDM based radio accesstechnologies and subdivides frequency spectrum in a similar manner toOFDM. Unlike data transmitted on a conventional OFDM type downlinkcarrier, data transmitted on the virtual carrier can be received anddecoded without needing to process the full bandwidth of the downlinkOFDM host carrier. Accordingly, data transmitted on the virtual carriercan be received and decoded using a reduced complexity receiver unit:with concomitant benefits such as increased simplicity, increasedreliability, reduced form-factor and lower manufacturing cost.

The virtual carrier concept is described in a number of co-pendingpatent applications (including GB 1101970.0 [2], GB 1101981.7 [3], GB1101966.8 [4], GB 1101983.3 [5], GB 1101853.8 [6], GB 1101982.5 [7], GB1101980.9 [8] and GB 1101972.6 [9]), the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference.

In one version of the virtual carrier concept a plurality of subcarriersare disposed at predetermined offsets from a central frequency, similarto the subcarrier structure in conventional OFDM: the central frequencymay be viewed as characterising the whole virtual carrier. The virtualcarrier central frequency is typically selected to be the centralfrequency of the host carrier.

Direct conversion receiver architectures are attractive formanufacturers of mass market communication devices, such as MTC devices,because of their simplicity and lower cost. The communications networkshave therefore adapted their standards to permit the adoption of sucharchitectures. One adaptation has been to stipulate that the standardshould not use a frequency band where direct conversion receivers arelikely to encounter disruptive levels of interference arising fromimperfections in the receiver itself (i.e. self-mixing)—the unusedfrequency band is commonly referred to as the DC subcarrier, where DCstands for “direct current”: non-use of a frequency band is typicallyachieved by not transmitting a carrier wave at the frequency band indownlink transmissions from a base station in the communicationsnetworks.

An efficient operation of a wireless telecommunications system for MTCdevices is therefore desirable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a basestation for communicating data with at least one terminal in a wirelesstelecommunications system using a first plurality of OrthogonalFrequency Division Multiplex, OFDM, sub-carriers spanning a firstfrequency bandwidth, at least one of said subcarriers being an unusedcentre frequency for the first frequency bandwidth, the base stationbeing configured: to detect the bandwidth status of a receiver of theterminal; to assign a centre frequency for a virtual channel inaccordance with said detected bandwidth status, the virtual channelbeing a group of sub-carriers selected from said first plurality of OFDMsub-carriers and spanning a second frequency bandwidth, said secondfrequency bandwidth being substantially narrower than the firstfrequency bandwidth; to allocate at least one unused subcarrier to saidassigned centre frequency; and to communicate user-plane data with theterminal using the virtual channel.

If the terminal is determined to have a first bandwidth status, firstbandwidth status representing an indication that the terminal has areceiver that can receive radio frequency, RF, signals over the firstfrequency bandwidth and baseband signals over the second frequencybandwidth, the centre frequency for the virtual channel may be assignedto a frequency substantially distinct from the centre frequency for thefirst frequency bandwidth and the at least one unused subcarrierallocated to the assigned centre frequency is the unused centrefrequency for the first frequency bandwidth. The first bandwidth statusmay correspond to a baseband narrow band type of receiver architectureas described hereafter.

Alternatively or additionally, if the terminal is determined to have asecond bandwidth status, second bandwidth status representing anindication that the terminal has a receiver that can receive radiofrequency, RF, signals and baseband signals over the second frequencybandwidth, the centre frequency for the virtual channel may be assignedto the centre frequency for the first frequency bandwidth and the atleast one unused subcarrier allocated to the assigned centre frequencyis the unused centre frequency for the first frequency bandwidth. Thesecond bandwidth status may correspond to a normal narrow band type ofreceiver architecture as described hereafter.

Conveniently, the base station may include a capacity monitoring unitfor determining the level of data traffic on virtual channels, and inthe case where both the level of data traffic in the virtual channel isdetermined to exceed a capacity threshold level and the terminal isdetermined to have a second bandwidth status, second bandwidth statusrepresenting an indication that the terminal has a receiver that canreceive radio frequency, RF, signals and baseband signals over thesecond frequency bandwidth: the centre frequency for the virtual channelis assigned to a frequency substantially distinct from the centrefrequency for the first frequency bandwidth, the base station is furtherconfigured to designate the assigned centre frequency as an unusedcentre frequency for the virtual channel; and the at least one unusedsubcarrier allocated to the assigned centre frequency is the designatedunused centre frequency.

Preferably, the bandwidth status represents an indication of aclassification of receiver architecture selected from a group including:intermediate frequency conversion, direct conversion, normal narrowbandand baseband narrowband.

Alternatively or in addition, the bandwidth status may correspond to atleast one parameter characterising the bandwidth size capability of thereceiver. The bandwidth size capability may relate to the radiofrequency capability and/or the baseband capability of the receiver.

The base station therefore provides an unused frequency band suitablefor MTC devices with direct conversion receivers that are likely toencounter self-mixing. An example of a wireless telecommunicationssystem to which the base station belongs is OFDM based LTE: the unusedfrequency band in LTE is a subcarrier at the central frequency of OFDMdownlink host carrier (i.e. a subcarrier at the centre frequency of adownlink frequency band used by a telecommunication network with LTE).Thus the virtual carrier that shares a central frequency with the hostcarrier also has access to an unused frequency band and any MTC devicesassigned to the virtual carrier can adopt direct conversion receiversfor receiving RF signals without the risk of significant self-mixing.

While the base station may be used to provide radio access to bothconventional wireless telecommunications systems and to virtual carrierswithin the transmission resources of these telecommunications systems,there are circumstances where the base station above is a dedicated MTCbase station, operated in parallel with a conventional main basestation. An dedicated MTC base station (offering a narrow band resourceto MTC devices that can have restricted baseband bandwidth) is suitablefor both DC and IF receiver architectures. Where devices of differentreceiver architectures and bandwidth status are present, an IF receiverarchitecture may be seen as preferable to DC receiver architecture,particularly if virtual carrier centre frequency is different from thehost carrier centre frequency. This can be used to establish which basestation (“conventional” or “dedicated MTC”) should be used first by anygiven telecommunications terminal.

It has been seen as desirable to extend the concept of virtual carriersto blocks of OFDM subcarriers that are not centred on the host carriercentral frequency. Co-pending patent application number GB 1113801.3[11] describes one arrangement where there is a plurality of MTC devicesand the central frequency of at least some of the virtual carriers isnot same as the central frequency of the host carrier.

In this case, there is the risk that the central frequency assigned tothe virtual carrier may not be free of data—and thus that MTC deviceswith direct conversion receiver architectures may encounter unwantedinterference and consequently that they may operate less effectively inthe virtual carrier.

The base station efficiently allocates an unused subcarrier (i.e. a DCsubcarrier) to each terminal device using one or more resource blocks invirtual carrier mode (such as MTC devices) in accordance with thebandwidth capability of that terminal device. Depending upon the MTCdevice capabilities (i.e. bandwidth status) the central frequency of thevirtual carriers need not be the same as the central frequency of thehost carrier yet all MTC devices that might be affected by self-mixingmay be assigned virtual carriers that have suitable “unused” centralfrequencies.

Whereas known virtual carrier arrangements does not take DC offsetimpact for direct conversion receivers into account when the virtualcarrier central frequency is different from the host carrier centralfrequency, the solution described herein provides a set of solutions forDC subcarrier allocation for virtual carrier (especially in low costMTC-type terminals) where a virtual carrier is allocated in groups ofsub-carriers (i.e. resource blocks) other than those centred on the(LTE) host carrier centre frequency.

Various further aspects and embodiments of the invention are provided inthe appended claims.

It will be appreciated that features and aspects of the inventiondescribed above in relation to the first and other aspects of theinvention are equally applicable and may be combined with embodiments ofthe invention according to the different aspects of the invention asappropriate, and not just in the specific combinations described above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way ofexample only with reference to the accompanying drawings where likeparts are provided with corresponding reference numerals and in which:

FIG. 1 provides a schematic diagram illustrating an example of aconventional mobile telecommunication network;

FIG. 2 provides a schematic diagram illustrating a conventional LTEradio frame;

FIG. 3A provides a schematic diagram illustrating an example of aconventional LTE downlink radio sub-frame;

FIG. 3B illustrates the position of the DC subcarrier within a bandcentred upon a host carrier central frequency in conventional LTE;

FIG. 3C shows the finer structure within resource blocks of conventionalLTE;

FIG. 4 provides a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a LTEdownlink radio sub-frame in which a virtual carrier has been inserted atthe centre frequency of the host carrier;

FIG. 5 provides a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a LTEdownlink radio sub-frame in which virtual carriers have been inserted ata number of frequencies of the host carrier, requiring allocation ofadditional unused subcarriers (DC subcarriers) at the centre frequencyfor each such virtual carrier;

FIG. 6A provides a schematic illustration of a direct conversion(zero-IF) receiver architecture;

FIG. 6B provides a schematic illustration of DC offset arising in adirect conversion (zero intermediate frequency—zero IF) architecture;

FIG. 7 provides a schematic illustration of an “indirect” conversion(e.g. heterodyne) architecture using an intermediate frequency filter tobypass DC offset;

FIG. 8A provides a schematic illustration of the operation of a basestation RRM in determining to which virtual channel to allocate a UE;

FIG. 8B provides a schematic illustration of the operation of a basestation scheduling unit in transmitting data to a UE to which a givenvirtual channel has been assigned;

FIG. 8C provides a schematic illustration of the operation of the UE ofFIGS. 8A and 8B;

FIG. 9 provides a schematic diagram illustrating two terminal radiofrequency architectures: “normal narrow band” (A) and “baseband narrowband” (B);

FIG. 10 provides a schematic diagram of a selection of options interminal radio frequency architectures for uplink and downlink thebaseband narrow band architecture is further subdivided;

FIG. 11 provides a schematic diagram illustrating an LTE downlink radiosub-frame in which a virtual carrier has been inserted in accordancewith an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 12A provides a schematic illustration of the operation of a basestation RRM in determining to which virtual channel to allocate a UE,where allocation of virtual carriers depends upon terminal RFcapability, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 12B provides a schematic illustration of the operation of the UE ofFIG. 12A in accordance with an example of the present invention;

FIG. 12C provides a schematic illustration of the detection of the RFcapability of the UE in FIGS. 12A and 12B;

FIG. 13A provides a schematic illustration of the conventional procedurefor UE capability transfer in e-UTRAN;

FIG. 13B illustrates a conventional UE-EUTRA-Capability IE to which newIEs relevant to MTC-type devices may be appended;

FIG. 14 provides a schematic diagram illustrating a part of an LTEcellular telecommunications network adapted to provide radio access toconventional LTE terminal and reduced capacity terminals in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 15 illustrates the distinction between un-scheduling and puncturingwhen leaving a subcarrier unused.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Third and fourth generation mobile telecommunication systems, such asthose based on the 3GPP defined UMTS and Long Term Evolution (LTE)architecture are able to support more sophisticated services than simplevoice and messaging services offered by previous generations of mobiletelecommunication systems.

For example, with the improved radio interface and enhanced data ratesprovided by LTE systems, a user is able to enjoy high data rateapplications such as mobile video streaming and mobile videoconferencing that would previously only have been available via a fixedline data connection. The demand to deploy third and fourth generationnetworks is therefore strong and the coverage area of these networks,i.e. geographic locations where access to the networks is possible, isexpected to increase rapidly.

FIG. 1 provides a schematic diagram illustrating some basicfunctionality of a conventional mobile telecommunications network.

The network includes a plurality of base stations 101 connected to acore network 102. Each base station provides a coverage area 103 (i.e. acell) within which data can be communicated to and from terminal devices(also referred to as mobile terminals, MT or User equipment, UE) 104.Data is transmitted from base stations 101 to terminal devices 104within their respective coverage areas 103 via a radio downlink. Data istransmitted from terminal devices 104 to the base stations 101 via aradio uplink. The core network 102 routes data to and from the terminaldevices 104 via the respective base stations 101 and provides functionssuch as authentication, mobility management, charging and so on.

Mobile telecommunications systems such as those arranged in accordancewith the 3GPP defined Long Term Evolution (LTE) architecture use anorthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) based interface for theradio downlink (so-called OFDMA) and the radio uplink (so-calledSC-FDMA).

FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram illustrating an OFDM based LTE downlinkradio frame 201. The LTE downlink radio frame is transmitted from an LTEbase station (known as an enhanced Node B) and lasts 10 ms. The downlinkradio frame comprises ten sub-frames, each sub-frame lasting 1 ms. Aprimary synchronisation signal (PSS) and a secondary synchronisationsignal (SSS) are transmitted in the first and sixth sub-frames of theLTE frame. A primary broadcast channel (PBCH) is transmitted in thefirst sub-frame of the LTE frame. The PSS, SSS and PBCH are discussed inmore detail below.

FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of a grid which illustrates the structureof an example conventional downlink LTE sub-frame. The sub-framecomprises a predetermined number of “symbols”, which are eachtransmitted over a respective 1 ms period. Each symbol comprises apredetermined number of orthogonal sub-carriers distributed across thebandwidth of the downlink radio carrier. Here, the horizontal axisrepresents time while the vertical represents frequency.

As noted above, LTE provides an unused subcarrier 305 at the centralfrequency of OFDM host carrier. FIG. 3B illustrates the position of theunused subcarrier 305 within a band 310 centred upon a host carriercentral frequency.

The example sub-frame shown in FIG. 3A comprises 14 symbols and 1200sub-carriers spread across a 20 MHz bandwidth, R₃₂₀. The smallestallocation of user data for transmission in LTE is a “resource block”comprising twelve sub-carriers transmitted over one slot (0.5sub-frame).

FIG. 3C shows the finer structure within each resource block, RB: aresource block represents a 180 kHz band while each subcarrier is spaced15 kHz apart from its neighbours. Each individual box in the sub-framegrid in FIG. 3A corresponds to twelve sub-carriers transmitted on onesymbol.

FIG. 3A shows in hatching resource allocations for four LTE terminals340, 341, 342, 343. For example, the resource allocation 342 for a firstLTE terminal (UE 1) extends over six blocks of twelve sub-carriers (i.e.60 sub-carriers), the resource allocation 343 for a second LTE terminal(UE2) extends over six blocks of twelve sub-carriers, the resourceallocation 341 for a third LTE terminal (UE3) extends over twelve blocksof twelve subcarriers, and the resource allocation 340 for a fourth LTEterminal (UE4) extends over five blocks of twelve sub-carriers.

Control channel data is transmitted in a control region 300 (indicatedby dotted-shading in FIG. 3) of the sub-frame comprising the first nsymbols of the sub-frame where n can vary between one and three symbolsfor channel bandwidths of 3 MHz or greater and where n can vary betweentwo and four symbols for channel bandwidths of 1.4 MHz. For the sake ofproviding a concrete example, the following description relates to hostcarriers with a channel bandwidth of 3 MHz or greater so the maximumvalue of n will be 3. The data transmitted in the control region 300includes data transmitted on the physical downlink control channel(PDCCH), the physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) and thephysical HARQ indicator channel (PHICH).

PDCCH contains control data indicating which sub-carriers on whichsymbols of the sub-frame have been allocated to specific LTE terminals.Thus, the PDCCH data transmitted in the control region 300 of thesub-frame shown in FIG. 3 would indicate that UE1 has been allocated theblock of resources identified by reference numeral 342, that UE2 hasbeen allocated the block of resources identified by reference numeral343, and so on.

PCFICH contains control data indicating the size of the control region(i.e. between one and three symbols).

PHICH contains HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Request) data indicating whetheror not previously transmitted uplink data has been successfully receivedby the network.

Symbols in the central band 310 of the time-frequency resource grid areused for the transmission of information including the primarysynchronisation signal (PSS), the secondary synchronisation signal (SSS)and the physical broadcast channel (PBCH). This central band 310 istypically 72 sub-carriers wide (corresponding to a transmissionbandwidth of 1.08 MHz). The PSS and SSS are synchronisation signals thatonce detected allow an LTE terminal device to achieve framesynchronisation and determine the cell identity of the enhanced Node Btransmitting the downlink signal. The PBCH carries information about thecell, comprising a master information block (MIB) that includesparameters that LTE terminals use to properly access the cell. Datatransmitted to individual LTE terminals on the physical downlink sharedchannel (PDSCH) can be transmitted in other resource elements of thesub-frame. Further explanation of these channels is provided below.

FIG. 3A also shows a region of PDSCH 344 containing system informationand extending over a bandwidth of R₃₄₄. A conventional LTE frame willalso include reference signals which are discussed further below but notshown in FIG. 3A in the interests of clarity.

The number of sub-carriers in an LTE channel can vary depending on theconfiguration of the transmission network. Typically this variation isfrom 72 sub carriers contained within a 1.4 MHz channel bandwidth to1200 sub-carriers contained within a 20 MHz channel bandwidth (asschematically shown in FIG. 3A). As is known in the art, datatransmitted on the PDCCH, PCFICH and PHICH is typically distributed onthe sub-carriers across the entire bandwidth of the sub-frame to providefor frequency diversity. Therefore a conventional LTE terminal must beable to receive the entire channel bandwidth in order to receive anddecode the control region.

As mentioned above, the anticipated widespread deployment of third andfourth generation networks has led to the parallel development of aclass of devices and applications which, rather than taking advantage ofthe high data rates available, instead take advantage of the robustradio interface and increasing ubiquity of the coverage area. Thisparallel class of devices and applications includes MTC devices andso-called machine to machine (M2M) applications, wherein semi-autonomousor autonomous wireless communication devices typically communicate smallamounts of data on a relatively infrequent basis.

Examples of MTC (and M2M) devices include: so-called smart meters which,for example, are located in a customer's house and periodically transmitinformation back to a central MTC server data relating to the customersconsumption of a utility such as gas, water, electricity and so on;“track and trace” applications such as transportation and logisticstracking, road tolling and monitoring systems; remote maintenance andcontrol systems with MTC-enabled sensors, lighting, diagnostics etc.;environment monitoring; point of sales payment systems and vendingmachines; security systems, etc.

Further information on characteristics of MTC-type devices and furtherexamples of the applications to which MTC devices may be applied can befound, for example, in the corresponding standards, such as ETSI TS 122368 V10.530 (2011-07)/3GPP TS 22.368 version 10.5.0 Release 10) [1].

Whilst it can be convenient for a terminal such as an MTC type terminalto take advantage of the wide coverage area provided by a third orfourth generation mobile telecommunication network, there are at presentdisadvantages and challenges to successful deployment. Unlike aconventional third or fourth generation terminal device such as asmartphone, an MTC-type terminal is preferably relatively simple andinexpensive: in addition MTC-devices are often deployed in situationsthat do not afford easy access for direct maintenance orreplacement—reliable and efficient operation can be crucial.Furthermore, while the type of functions performed by the MTC-typeterminal (e.g. collecting and reporting back data) do not requireparticularly complex processing to perform, third and fourth generationmobile telecommunication networks typically employ advanced datamodulation techniques (such as QAM16 or QAM64) on the radio interfacewhich can require more complex and expensive radio transceivers toimplement.

It is usually justified to include such complex transceivers in asmartphone as a smartphone will typically require a powerful processorto perform typical smartphone type functions. However, as indicatedabove, there is now a desire to use relatively inexpensive and lesscomplex devices to communicate using LTE type networks. In parallel withthis drive to provide network accessibility to devices having differentoperational functionality, e.g. reduced bandwidth operation, there is adesire to optimise the use of the available bandwidth in atelecommunications system supporting such devices.

In many scenarios, providing low capability terminals such as those witha conventional high-performance LTE receiver unit capable of receivingand processing (control) data from an LTE downlink frame across the fullcarrier bandwidth can be overly complex for a device which only needs tocommunicate small amounts of data. This may therefore limit thepracticality of a widespread deployment of low capability MTC typedevices in an LTE network. It is preferable instead to provide lowcapability terminals such as MTC devices with a simpler receiver unitwhich is more proportionate with the amount of data likely to betransmitted to the terminal.

A “virtual carrier” tailored to low capability terminals such as MTCdevices is thus provided within the transmission resources of aconventional OFDM type downlink carrier (i.e. a “host carrier”). Unlikedata transmitted on a conventional OFDM type downlink carrier, datatransmitted on the virtual carrier can be received and decoded withoutneeding to process the full bandwidth of the downlink host OFDM carrier.Accordingly, data transmitted on the virtual carrier can be received anddecoded using a reduced complexity receiver unit.

The term “virtual carrier” corresponds in essence to a narrowbandallocation for MTC-type devices within a host carrier for an OFDM-basedradio access technology (such as WiMAX or LTE).

The virtual carrier concept is described in a number of co-pendingpatent applications (including GB 1101970.0 [2], GB 1101981.7 [3], GB1101966.8 [4], GB 1101983.3 [5], GB 1101853.8 [6], GB 1101982.5 [7], GB1101980.9 [8] and GB 1101972.6 [9]), the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference. For ease of reference, however, anoverview of certain aspects of the concept of virtual carriers is alsoset out here. In providing this overview, the following abbreviationsare frequently adopted: virtual carrier—VC, host carrier—HC, userequipment—UE, resource block—RB, radio frequency—RF, and baseband—BB.

Like conventional OFDM, the virtual carrier concept has a plurality ofsubcarriers disposed at predetermined offsets from a central frequency:the central frequency thus characterises the entire virtual carrier.

Typical virtual carrier bandwidth is six resource blocks, (i.e. 72sub-carriers) which is in line with minimum 3GPP bandwidth in LTE.However, as will be seen in the following description, the bandwidth ofVC is by no means restricted to 6 RBs.

In line with Release 8 of the 3GPP standard for LTE (REL8 LTE), VCresources are typically located in the resource blocks centred on thehost carrier centre frequency and symmetrically allocated (at eitherside of that HC centre frequency) regardless of system bandwidth.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a grid which illustrates the structureof a downlink LTE sub-frame with a virtual carrier 401 occupying theresource blocks centred on the host carrier centre frequency. Thevirtual carrier central frequency 403 is selected to be the centralfrequency 401 of the host carrier.

In keeping with a conventional LTE downlink sub-frame illustrated inFIG. 3A, the first n symbols form the control region 300 which isreserved for the transmission of downlink control data such as datatransmitted on the PDCCH, PCFICH or PHICH.

The signals on the virtual carrier 401 are arranged such that signalstransmitted by the host carrier that a terminal device operating on thehost carrier would require for correct operation and expect to find in aknown pre-determined location (e.g. the PSS, SSS, and PBCH in thecentral band 310 in FIG. 3A) are maintained. The virtual carrier isconfigured to interweave rather than clash with such host carrierresources.

As can be seen from FIG. 4, data transmitted on the virtual carrier 401is transmitted across a limited bandwidth. This might be any suitablebandwidth smaller than that of the host carrier. In the example shown inFIG. 4, the virtual carrier is transmitted across a bandwidth comprising12 blocks of 12 sub-carriers (i.e. 144 sub-carriers), which isequivalent to a 2.16 MHz transmission bandwidth. Accordingly, a terminalusing the virtual carrier 401 need only be equipped with a receivercapable of receiving and processing data transmitted over a bandwidth of2.16 MHz. This enables low capability terminals (for example MTC typeterminals) to be provided with simplified receiver units yet still beable to operate within an OFDM type communication network which, asexplained above, conventionally requires terminals to be equipped withreceivers capable of receiving and processing an OFDM signal across theentire bandwidth of the signal.

As explained above, in OFDM-based mobile communication systems such asLTE, downlink data is dynamically assigned to be transmitted ondifferent sub-carriers on a sub-frame by sub-frame basis. Accordingly,in every sub-frame, the network signals which sub-carriers on whichsymbols contain data relevant to which terminals (i.e. downlink grantsignalling).

As can be seen from FIG. 3A, in a conventional downlink LTE sub-framethis information is transmitted on the PDCCH during the first symbol orsymbols of the sub-frame. However, as previously explained, theinformation transmitted in the PDCCH is spread across the entirebandwidth of the sub-frame and therefore cannot be received by a mobilecommunication terminal with a simplified receiver unit capable only ofreceiving the reduced bandwidth virtual carrier. Accordingly, certainpredefined symbols (e.g. the final m symbols, where m is a positiveinteger) of the virtual carrier can be reserved as a control region forthe virtual carrier for the transmission of control data indicatingwhich resource elements of the virtual carrier 401 have been allocatedto user equipment (UEs) using the virtual carrier.

As the virtual carrier 401 is located within the centre band 310 of thedownlink sub-frame, the impact on host carrier PDSCH resources caused bythe introduction of the virtual carrier within the host carrierbandwidth is reduced since the resources occupied by the PSS, SSS andPBCH would be contained within the virtual carrier region 401 and notthe remaining host carrier PDSCH region.

It has been seen as desirable to extend the concept of virtual carriersto blocks of OFDM subcarriers that are not centred on the host carriercentral frequency. As previously mentioned, co-pending patentapplication number GB 1113801.3 [11] describes one arrangement wherethere is a plurality of MTC devices and the central frequency of atleast some of the virtual carriers is not same as the central frequencyof the host carrier.

FIG. 5 illustrates this arrangement. A LTE downlink sub-frame is shownwith a plurality of virtual carriers outside of the control region 300,the data region includes a group of resource elements positioned belowthe central band 310 which form a virtual carrier VC3 501. The virtualcarrier VC3 501 is adapted so that data transmitted on the virtualcarrier VC3 501 can be treated as logically distinct from datatransmitted in the remaining parts of the host carrier and can bedecoded without decoding all the control data from the control region300.

FIG. 5 also shows virtual carriers occupying frequency resources abovethe centre band (VC1, 502) and (as in the situation illustrated in FIG.4) including the centre band (VC2, 401).

Therefore, depending on, for example, the expected virtual carrierthroughput, the location of a virtual carrier can be appropriatelychosen to either exist inside or outside the centre band 310 accordingto whether the host or virtual carrier is chosen to bear the overhead ofthe PSS, SSS and PBCH. This band allocation method for multiple VCs hasparticular application when terminals (UEs) using the VC create asignificant quantity of traffic at a given time.

However, in respect of this latter case, it has been recognised that theimpact of the allocation to non-central virtual carriers upon terminalreceivers having direct conversion mechanism needs to be considered.

As noted previously, direct conversion receiver architectures arcconvenient for manufacturers and are widely used in conventional 3Gmobile phones. This receiver architecture converts (carrier modulated)radio frequency (RF) signals to baseband (BB) signals, i.e. the“modulating” signal typically at frequencies close to 0 Hz, directlywithout intermediate frequency (IF).

FIG. 6A illustrates the general architectural scheme of a DirectConversion receiver unit. An RF signal is received by an amplifier 601from an antenna arrangement (not shown). The amplifier 601 applies again to the received RF signal. A local oscillator 603, set at the RFcarrier frequency, generates an oscillator signal that is mixed with thereceived RF signal in a mixer 602, thereby down-converting the receivedRF signal to a base band signal.

Direct Conversion makes possible an architecture that is simple and thatrequires a reduced number of RF parts (when compared with alternativessuch as the heterodyne receiver arrangement with IF filter describedbelow). In terms of cost saving and size reduction, the directconversion architecture is preferable for MTC type devices.

FIG. 6B illustrates this down-conversion from RF to BB frequencies andidentifies a known vulnerability of Direct Conversion—self-mixing. If areceiver is imperfect (more likely in the case of low-cost, smallform-factor devices), local-oscillator (LO) leakage may occur. Thesignal generated by the local oscillator 603 may interfere with thesignal received at the amplifier 601 and/or the received RF signalprovided to the mixer 602. This causes a phenomenon known as “DCoffset”, where DC stands for Direct Current. A helpful description ofthe causes of DC offset may be found at reference [10].

Alternatives to direct conversion do exist—as the name implies an“indirect” conversion mechanism may be applied. One such alternative isthe heterodyne architecture illustrated in FIG. 7: here radio frequencyis converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) before then beingconverted to baseband, the IF being selected to facilitate filtering outof any DC offset components.

There is no IF filter to remove DC offset in a direct conversionarchitecture (indeed the alternative name for the architecture is“zero-IF”).

The DC offset disrupts the demodulation of symbols at the centrefrequency of the host carrier, i.e. those frequencies which whenconverted to BB are close to 0 Hz. While conventional error correctiontechniques could be applied to address this disruption (see the remarksbelow concerning “puncturing”), if direct conversion is to be adopted insignificant numbers of terminal devices, the best way to avoid thedisturbance by DC offset is avoid using the centre frequency for dataallocation.

It is for this reason that (as may be seen from the relevant equation in3GPP 36.211 V8.4.0 section 6.12) LTE defines a baseband signal that hasno component at its centre frequency): in other words, LTE has asubcarrier to which no data may be allocated at its host carrier centrefrequency. More generally, OFDM based radio access systems typicallyfeature a subcarrier upon which no information is sent. This unusedsubcarrier is conventionally referred to as a “DC subcarrier”, the DCagain standing for “direct current”.

Before a conventional LTE terminal can begin transmitting and receivingdata in a cell, it first camps on to the cell. Similarly, an adaptedcamp-on process can be provided for terminals using the virtual carrier.A suitable camp-on process for virtual carriers is described in detailin GB 1113801.3 [11]: this camp-on process is incorporated herein byreference.

As described in GB 1113801.3 [11], both “conventional LTE” and virtualcarrier implementations could conveniently include location informationfor the virtual carrier within the PBCH, which already carries theMaster Information Block (MIB) in the host carrier centre band.Alternatively, virtual carrier location information could be provided inthe centre band, but outside of the PBCH. It can for example be alwaysprovided after and adjacent to the PBCH. By providing the locationinformation in the centre band but outside of the PBCH, the conventionalPBCH is not modified for the purpose of using virtual carriers, but avirtual carrier terminal can easily find the location information inorder to detect the virtual carrier, if any.

While the virtual carrier location information, if provided, can beprovided elsewhere in the host carrier, it may be advantageous toprovide it in the centre band, for example because a virtual carrierterminal may configure its receiver to operate on the centre band andthe virtual carrier terminal then does not need to adjust its receiversettings for finding the location information.

Depending on the amount of virtual carrier location informationprovided, the virtual carrier terminal can either adjust its receiver toreceive the virtual carrier transmissions, or it may require furtherlocation information before it can do so.

If for example, the virtual carrier terminal was provided with locationinformation indicating a virtual carrier presence and/or a virtualcarrier bandwidth but not indicating any details as to the exact virtualcarrier frequency range, or if the virtual carrier terminal was notprovided with any location information, the virtual carrier terminalcould then scan the host carrier for a virtual carrier (e.g. performinga so-called blind search process). This process too is discussed indetail in GB 1113801.3 [11].

In low traffic conditions, the allocation of a new unused sub-carrierfor each new virtual carrier (illustrated in FIG. 5) is adequate.Conveniently, an additional DC subcarrier (unused sub-carrier) isallocated by a base station at the centre frequency of each virtualcarrier as that virtual carrier is established.

In the “simple” FIG. 5 example, virtual carrier VC2 has the same centrefrequency as the host carrier. The respective centre frequencies forvirtual carriers VC1 and VC3 are different from the centre frequency ofhost carrier (and VC2).

The base station allocating sub-carriers includes a radio resourcemanagement (RRM) unit and a scheduler. The RRM decides the centrefrequency of VC for a MTC UE while the scheduler allocates the DCsubcarrier (unused subcarrier) at that VC centre frequency.

FIG. 8A illustrates the logical steps taken by the RRM for decidingcentre frequency:

-   1. Check the number of existing MTC UEs camped on the base station-   2. Check the traffic (active state) of each VC-   3. Estimate the available capacity in each VC-   4. Select the best VC (e.g. the VC having the highest available    capacity)-   5. Indicate a decided VC position to UE by RRC protocol.    -   [The indication by higher layer (camp on process) is discussed        in greater depth above]-   6. Indicate a decided VC position to scheduler inside base station.

FIG. 8B illustrates the logical steps taken by the scheduler as itallocates an unused (DC) subcarrier allocation:

-   1. Receive the VC position from RRM-   2. Obtain the transmit data from queue.-   3. Obtain the feedback information from UE.    -   a. channel quality information (CQI)    -   b. scheduling request (SR)-   4. Decide the frequency resources required to transmit data (i.e.    subcarriers) except centre frequency-   5. Modulate each symbol-   6. Transmit control channel (VC-PDCCH)-   7. Transmit data channel (VC-PDSCH)

FIG. 8C illustrates the operation of a terminal in the VC allocationscheme of FIG. 5:

-   1. Receive the VC position by higher layer (e.g. RRC message)-   2. Change the VC centre frequency.-   3. Wait for the VC-PDCCH.-   4. Receive the VC-PDSCH-   5. Send acknowledgements when successful (ACK)/unsuccessful (NACK)

A new MTC UE architecture for narrow band (i.e. virtual carrieroperation) has been proposed in the relevant 3GPP standard. The proposednew architecture seeks to permit an RF bandwidth capability that isdifferent from the baseband one. In one particular proposal, the RFbandwidth in MTC terminal is same as host carrier bandwidth (e.g. 20MHz), while the baseband processing is narrow band (e.g. 1.4 MHz): i.e.significantly narrower than the host carrier bandwidth.

For the sake of convenience, the combination of narrow band for both RFand baseband is referred to hereafter as “Normal narrow band” or “typeA” architecture: a combination of narrow band for only Baseband and“full”—i.c. same as HC—bandwidth for RF is termed “Baseband narrow band”or just “type B” architecture. The operational frequency bands for thesetwo types of RF receiver architecture are illustrated in FIG. 9. Thetype A architecture (910) requires that control signals and data are alltransmitted for a virtual channel on the relevant narrow band. The typeB architecture (920) requires instead that the receiver operates on thefull bandwidth for RF.

Variants of the type B architecture are contemplated—see FIG. 10. As maybe seen from the illustrations of the LTE downlink sub-frame—FIGS. 3A, 4and 5—the user plane data is transmitted in different symbols (i.e. atdifferent times) from the control data whereby radio communication isestablished and maintained. Type A architectures are referred to asOption DL-1.

In a first variant of the type B architecture, Option DL-2, control anddata channels are received in the baseband in narrowband.

In another variant of the type B architecture, Option DL-3, controlchannels are received in the baseband at full bandwidth while narrowbandoperation is reserved for the data channel.

One benefit of the type B (Baseband narrow band) architectures is thatthere is no need for a DC subcarrier for VCs located away from the HCcentre frequency because the VC centre frequency is same as LTE HCcentre frequency in terms of direct conversion.

In this regard it is worth noting that direct conversion is a functionof RF transceiver large scale integrated (LSI) circuitry (see the insetportion of FIG. 6), not of the baseband unit.

Problems may arise when both Normal narrow band (type A) terminals andBaseband narrow band (type B) terminals operate under the same hostcarrier (the mixed operation case). In other words, it would bedesirable to maximize the benefit of “baseband narrow band” (type B) inthe mixed operation case.

FIG. 11 illustrates the case where terminals of both types (A and B)make use of the same host carrier.

In VC1′, MTC UE is assumed to be type A, VC1′ has its own DC subcarrier(DCsubcarrier 1): this corresponds to the “simple” case described above(in FIG. 5) where an additional unused sub-carrier is allocated at thecentre frequency of each virtual carrier.

In VC2′, MTC UE is also assumed to be type A, VC2′ can reuse hostcarrier centre frequency. As a large number of terminals are likely touse LTE host carrier centre frequency, this arrangement may not be themost robust or effective, from a resource usage point of view.

In VC3′, MTC UE is assumed to be type B. VC3′ reuses the host carriercentre frequency and is not provided with its own unused subcarrier:only a type B architecture can use such a VC without exposing the UE toself-mixing. From a resource allocation point of view, this isefficient. This means “baseband narrow band” (type B) device has anadvantage in terms of flexibility of band allocation for virtualcarrier.

The base station in the mixed operation case described above is requiredto do more that for the previous “simple” case. In particular it mustdiscover the terminal RF capability before deciding how to allocatevirtual carrier capacity.

The base station must firstly determine the RF capability (e.g. RFbandwidth) for each terminal. If that RF capability indicates a terminalof Baseband narrow band (type B), the base station allocates the VCs forthis terminal to non-centre frequency of host carrier where capacitypermits. If however, the detected RF capability indicates a terminal ofNormal narrow band (type A), the base station will allocate the VCs forthis terminal to LTE centre frequency of host carrier as long ascapacity allows; otherwise the base station allocates remaining VCs (fortype A terminals) to LTE non-centre frequency of host carrier butrequires that these VCs provide an unused subcarrier at their centrefrequency.

The terminal is thus required to: report its “bandwidth status” (e.g. RFcapability and/or RF bandwidth) to base station and to follow VCallocation instructions transmitted by the base station.

As previously, the base station includes a radio resource management(RRM) unit and a scheduler. Again, the RRM decides the centre frequencyof VC for a MTC UE while the scheduler allocates the DC subcarrier(unused subcarrier) at that VC centre frequency.

FIG. 12A illustrates the logical steps taken by the RRM for decidingcentre frequency:

-   1. Determine the UE bandwidth status (RF capability) in advance    (e.g. during RRC connection setup)-   2. Check the number of existing MTC UEs camped on the base station.-   3. Check the traffic (active state) of each VC (e.g. how congested)-   4. Estimate the available capacity in each VC-   5. Select the best VC (e.g. the VC having the highest available    capacity and best adapted to serve a UE of the determined bandwidth    status)    -   a. If terminal is Baseband narrow band (type B), a frequency        other than original LTE host carrier centre frequency is        allocated for VC.    -   b. If terminal is normal narrow band (type A), original LTE host        carrier centre frequency is allocated for VC.    -   c. If terminal is normal narrow band (type A) and there is        insufficient capacity at the host carrier centre frequency, a        frequency other than original LTE host carrier centre frequency        is allocated for VC.-   6. Indicate a decided VC position to UE by RRC protocol.    -   [The indication by higher layer (camp on process) is discussed        in greater depth above]-   7. Indicate a decided VC position to scheduler inside base station.

The logical steps taken by the scheduler as it allocates an unused (DC)subcarrier allocation arc identical to those take in the “simple” caseand described above in relation to FIG. 8B:

-   1. Receive the VC position from RRM-   2. Obtain the transmit data from queue.-   3. Obtain the feedback information from UE.    -   a. channel quality information (CQI)    -   b. scheduling request (SR)-   4. Decide the frequency resources required to transmit data (i.e.    subcarriers) except centre frequency-   5. Modulate each symbol-   6. Transmit control channel (VC-PDCCH)-   7. Transmit data channel (VC-PDSCH)

As noted earlier, the key difference between the first “simple” andsecond “mixed operation” cases is the requirement in the latter case foreach terminal to report its own RF bandwidth capability (bandwidthstatus) to the base station. FIG. 12B illustrates the operation of aterminal in the VC allocation scheme of FIG. 11: this differs from thescheme illustrated in FIG. 8C in the step for reporting RF bandwidthcapability. With that exception, the terminal follows the direction frombase station in the same manner as for the “simple” case.

-   1. Send the RF bandwidth capability information to base station    (e.g. RRC connection setup)-   2. Receive the VC position by higher layer (e.g. RRC message)-   3. Change the VC centre frequency.-   4. Wait for the VC-PDCCH.-   5. Receive the VC-PDSCH-   6. Send acknowledgements when successful (ACK)/unsuccessful (NACK)

Capability detection in the UE may comprise detection of whether the UEis in fact flagged as an MTC-type device and only if it is will it benecessary to make any determination of RF capability (non MTC-devicesnot typically needing access to the virtual carrier). FIG. 12C shows onepossible arrangement where after determining that the device is of theMTC-type, it is queried whether the base station (or associated corenetwork entities such as the MME) has capability information for the UE:in the absence of such information the base station may interrogate theUE to extract this information—for example by forcing a location updateevent thereby ensuring that the UE reports its capabilities inaccordance with the standard.

FIG. 13A illustrates the procedure by which terminals (UEs) reportcapability information to the e-UTRAN network entities in LTE (e.g. REL8LTE). At power on (or when the UE has recently entered the area ofcoverage of a base station controlling entity—i.e. the MME), the UE andMME exchange a number of signals to “attach” the UE to the relevant MMEand to assign a suitable base station (eNodeB) to the UE. Part of theexchange of signals includes a message from the base station to the UErequesting UE capability information. In response, the UE prepares amessage in accordance with a standardised System Information Block (SIB)including an information element (IE) of known format. The IE in turnprovides a data structure in which the UE capability may be reported.The details of the 3GPP standard procedure for transmitting UEcapability information may be found at 3GPP TS 36.331 V8.12.0 at section5.6.3. The UECapabilityInformation message described there takes aspecific form—each UE capability IE being stored under an UE-CapabilityRAT-Container. The capability IE of an MTC-type UE may be treated aspart of the LTE capability (see TS36.306) or as if it belonged to anindependent RAT.

FIG. 13B illustrates a conventional UE-EUTRA-Capability IE into whichnew IEs relevant to MTC-type devices may be incorporated.

A number of different new IEs may be considered for the purpose offacilitating the reporting of the RF/BB capability of UEs so thatcertain aspects of the invention may be implemented. While referred toas “bandwidth status”, these new IEs may not actually includeinformation directly relevant to bandwidth but rather may serve asindications of the expected bandwidth capabilities of the UE. Examplesof new information elements for appending to the conventionalUE-EUTRA-Capability IE structure (or to some similar structure thatserves to report UE capability) include:

-   -   a. “NarrowbandOption”—an IE that takes values corresponding to        the different options for downlink bandwidth architecture as        illustrated in FIG. 10.    -   b. “MTC bandwidth”—an IE that includes fields for characterising        the bandwidth size for each of the RF, BB and the data-only part        of the BB in terms of resource blocks (180 kHz), subcarriers (15        kHz) or in units of MHz    -   c. “Receiver ArchitectureOption”—an IE that takes values        corresponding to the type of receiver architecture the UE        uses—IF conversion or Direct conversion    -   d. “CentreFrequencyAllocationUEPreference”—an IE within a UE        Preference Options structure that takes values corresponding to        an indication of whether an allocated centre frequency for that        UE is preferred to be “unused” or “used”

Embodiments of the invention may in particular be employed within thecontext of what might be termed “virtual carriers” operating within abandwidth of one or more “host carriers”. The concepts of virtualcarriers are described in co-pending UK patent applications numbered GB1101970.0 [2], GB 1101981.7 [3], GB 1101966.8 [4], GB 1101983.3 [5], GB1101853.8 [6], GB 1101982.5 [7], GB 1101980.9 [8] and GB 1101972.6 [9],the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The readeris referred to these co-pending applications for more details, but forease of reference an overview of the concept of virtual carriers is alsoprovided here.

FIG. 14 provides a schematic diagram showing part of an adapted LTEmobile telecommunication system arranged in accordance with an exampleof the present invention. The system includes an adapted enhanced Node B(eNB) 1401 connected to a core network 1408 which communicates data to aplurality of conventional LTE terminals 1402 and reduced capabilityterminals 1403 within a coverage area (cell) 1404. Each of the reducedcapability terminals 1403 has a transceiver unit 1405 which includes areceiver unit capable of receiving data across a reduced bandwidth (i.e.narrowband) and a transmitter unit capable of transmitting data across areduced bandwidth when compared with the capabilities of the transceiverunits 1406 included in the conventional LTE terminals 1402.

The adapted eNB 1401 is arranged to transmit downlink data using asub-frame structure that includes a virtual carrier as described withreference to FIG. 11. The task of assigning reduced capacity terminals1403 to a given virtual carrier is performed by a radio resourcemanagement (RRM) unit 1411 within the eNB 1401. Data is then transmittedto reduced capability terminals 1403 by an adapted scheduling unit 1409in the eNB. The reduced capability terminals 1403 are thus able toreceive and transmit data using the downlink virtual carriers asdescribed above.

As has been explained above, because the reduced complexity terminals1403 receive and transmit data across a reduced bandwidth on the uplinkand downlink virtual carriers, the complexity, power consumption andcost of the transceiver unit 1405 needed to receive and decode downlinkdata and to encode and transmit uplink data is reduced compared to thetransceiver unit 1406 provided in the conventional LTE terminals.

When receiving downlink data from the core network 1408 to betransmitted to one of the terminals within the cell 1404, the adaptedeNB 1401 is arranged to queue that data in a queue 1410 and to determineif the data is bound for a conventional LTE terminal 1402 or a reducedcapability terminal 1403. This can be achieved using any suitabletechnique. For example, data bound for a reduced capability terminal1403 may include a virtual carrier flag indicating that the data must betransmitted on the downlink virtual carrier. If the adapted eNB 1401detects that downlink data is to be transmitted to a reduced capabilityterminal 1403, an adapted scheduling unit 1409 included in the adaptedeNB 1401 ensures that the downlink data is transmitted to the reducedcapability terminal in question on the downlink virtual carrier. Inanother example the network is arranged so that the virtual carrier islogically independent of the eNB. More particularly the virtual carriermay be arranged to appear to the core network as a distinct cell so thatit is not known to the core network that the virtual carrier has anyrelationship with the host carrier. Packets are simply routed to/fromthe virtual carrier just as they would be for a conventional cell.

In another example, packet inspection is performed at a suitable pointwithin the network to route traffic to or from the appropriate carrier(i.e. the host carrier or the virtual carrier).

In yet another example, data from the core network to the eNB iscommunicated on a specific logical connection for a specific terminaldevice. The eNB is provided with information indicating which logicalconnection is associated with which terminal device. Information is alsoprovided at the eNB indicating which terminal devices arc virtualcarrier terminals and which arc conventional LTE terminals. Thisinformation could be derived from the fact that a virtual carrierterminal would initially have connected using virtual carrier resources.

Virtual carrier terminals are arranged to indicate their capability tothe eNB during the connection procedure. Accordingly the eNB can mapdata from the core network to a specific terminal device based onwhether the terminal device is a virtual carrier terminal or an LTEterminal.

In some examples, the virtual carrier inserted within the host carriercan be used to provide a logically distinct “network within a network”.In other words data being transmitted via the virtual carrier can betreated as logically and physically distinct from the data transmittedby the host carrier network. The virtual carrier can therefore be usedto implement a so-called dedicated messaging network (DMN) which is“laid over” a conventional network and used to communicate messagingdata to DMN devices (i.e. virtual carrier terminals).

It will be appreciated that various modifications can be made to theembodiments described above without departing from the scope of thepresent invention as defined in the appended claims. In particularalthough embodiments of the invention have been described with referenceto an LTE mobile radio network, it will be appreciated that the presentinvention can be applied to other forms of network such as GSM, 3G/UMTS,CDMA2000, etc. The term MTC terminal as used herein can be replaced withuser equipment (UE), mobile communications device, terminal device etc.Furthermore, the term base station refers to any wireless network entitythat provides UEs with an air interface to a cellular telecommunicationsnetwork: while the term has been used interchangeably with e-NodeB inthe foregoing it should be understood that it encompasses equivalentnetwork entities in LTE and alternative radio access architecturesincluding: eNode-Bs; Node-Bs, pico-, femto- and micro base stationequipment, relays; boosters etc.

The term “unused subcarrier” is used interchangeably with “DC subcarrier” however it encompasses the concept of leaving a subcarrierwithout data. A subcarrier may be left unused in a number of ways and adifferent term may be adopted to express the precise manner of “unuse”.FIG. 15 illustrates two possible ways of leaving a subcarriereffectively unused. Thus a subcarrier may be ignored by a schedulerentirely scheduling data into other subcarriers but not into anun-scheduled (and thereby “unused”) subcarrier: in FIG. 15, data packetsA, B, C and D are allocated to the first, second, fourth and fifthsymbols—and no data is scheduled for the third symbol.

Alternatively, the scheduler may initially allocate data for thesubcarrier in question but the subcarrier is not transmitted: i.e. theallocated data is dropped in an operation known as “puncturing”. In FIG.15, this is illustrated by showing the third of five symbols empty butdata packets A, B, D and E allocated to the first, second, fourth andfifth symbols. Data packet C is scheduled but not carried. As the termimplies, puncturing entails the receiving terminal receiving incompletedata (the data originally scheduled at the punctured subcarrier ismissing). The missing data can however be reconstructed usingconventional error correction techniques such as forward errorcorrection (FEC).

It will also be appreciated that although the above description of ascheme in which host carriers and virtual carriers are supported bygeographically separated base stations has primarily focussed ondownlink transmissions by way of example, the same concepts can equallybe applied for uplink transmissions: in particular, where VC centrefrequency in uplink is same as HC centre frequency in uplink.

Further particular and preferred aspects of the present invention areset out in the accompanying independent and dependent claims. It will beappreciated that features of the dependent claims may be combined withfeatures of the independent claims in combinations other than thoseexplicitly set out in the claims.

The following numbered clauses provide further example aspects andfeatures of the present invention:

1. A base station for communicating data with at least one terminal in awireless telecommunications system using a first plurality of OrthogonalFrequency Division Multiplex, OFDM, sub-carriers spanning a firstfrequency bandwidth, at least one of said subcarriers being an unusedcentre frequency for the first frequency bandwidth,

the base station being configured:

to detect the bandwidth status of a receiver of the terminal;

to assign a centre frequency for a virtual channel in accordance withsaid detected bandwidth status, the virtual channel being a group ofsub-carriers selected from said first plurality of OFDM sub-carriers andspanning a second frequency bandwidth, said second frequency bandwidthbeing substantially narrower than the first frequency bandwidth;

to allocate at least one unused subcarrier to said assigned centrefrequency; and

to communicate user-plane data with the terminal using the virtualchannel.

2. A base station according to clause 1, wherein, if the terminal isdetermined to have a first bandwidth status, first bandwidth statusrepresenting an indication that the terminal has a receiver that canreceive radio frequency, RF, signals over the first frequency bandwidthand baseband signals over the second frequency bandwidth, the centrefrequency for the virtual channel is assigned to a frequencysubstantially distinct from the centre frequency for the first frequencybandwidth and the at least one unused subcarrier allocated to theassigned centre frequency is the unused centre frequency for the firstfrequency bandwidth.

3. A base station according to clause 1 or 2, wherein, if the terminalis determined to have a second bandwidth status, second bandwidth statusrepresenting an indication that the terminal has a receiver that canreceive radio frequency, RF, signals and baseband signals over thesecond frequency bandwidth, the centre frequency for the virtual channelis assigned to the centre frequency for the first frequency bandwidthand the at least one unused subcarrier allocated to the assigned centrefrequency is the unused centre frequency for the first frequencybandwidth.

4. A base station according to any of clauses 1 to 3, the base stationincluding a capacity monitoring unit for determining the level of datatraffic on virtual channels, and

in the case where both the level of data traffic in the virtual channelis determined to exceed a capacity threshold level and the terminal isdetermined to have a second bandwidth status, second bandwidth statusrepresenting an indication that the terminal has a receiver that canreceive radio frequency, RF, signals and baseband signals over thesecond frequency bandwidth,

the centre frequency for the virtual channel is assigned to a frequencysubstantially distinct from the centre frequency for the first frequencybandwidth,

the base station is further configured to designate the assigned centrefrequency as an unused centre frequency for the virtual channel; and

the at least one unused subcarrier allocated to the assigned centrefrequency is the designated unused centre frequency.

5. A base station according to any of clauses 1 to 4, wherein thebandwidth status represents an indication of a classification ofreceiver architecture selected from a group including: intermediatefrequency conversion, direct conversion, normal narrowband and basebandnarrowband.

6. A base station according to any preceding clause, wherein thebandwidth status corresponds to at least one parameter characterisingthe bandwidth size capability of the receiver.

7. A method for communicating data with at least one terminal in awireless telecommunications system using a plurality of OrthogonalFrequency Division Multiplex, OFDM, sub-carriers spanning a firstfrequency bandwidth, at least one of said subcarriers being an unusedcentre frequency for the first frequency bandwidth,

the method comprising:

detecting the bandwidth status of a receiver of the terminal;

assigning a centre frequency for a virtual channel in accordance withsaid detected bandwidth status, the virtual channel being a group ofsub-carriers selected from said plurality of OFDM sub-carriers andspanning a second frequency bandwidth, said second frequency bandwidthbeing substantially narrower than the first frequency bandwidth;

allocating at least one unused subcarrier to said assigned centrefrequency; and

communicating user-plane data with the terminal using the virtualchannel.

8. A method according to clause 7, wherein, if the terminal isdetermined to have a first bandwidth status, the centre frequency forthe virtual channel is assigned to a frequency substantially distinctfrom the centre frequency for the first frequency bandwidth and the atleast one unused subcarrier allocated to the assigned centre frequencyis the unused centre frequency for the first frequency bandwidth.

9. A method according to clause 7 or 8, wherein, if the terminal isdetermined to have a second bandwidth status, the centre frequency forthe virtual channel is assigned to the centre frequency for the firstfrequency bandwidth and the at least one unused subcarrier allocated tothe assigned centre frequency is the unused centre frequency for thefirst frequency bandwidth.

10. A method according to any of clauses 7 to 9, further comprising:

determining the level of data traffic on virtual channels, and

in the case where both the level of data traffic in the virtual channelis determined to exceed a capacity threshold level and the terminal isdetermined to have a second bandwidth status, the centre frequency forthe virtual channel is assigned to a frequency substantially distinctfrom the centre frequency for the first frequency bandwidth, and

the method further comprising:

designating the assigned centre frequency as an unused centre frequencyfor the virtual channel, wherein the step of allocating at least oneunused subcarrier to said assigned centre frequency comprises allocatingthe designated unused centre frequency to the assigned centre frequency.

11. A method according to any of clauses 7 to 10, wherein the bandwidthstatus is a classification of terminal receiver architecture selectedfrom a group including: intermediate frequency conversion, directconversion, normal narrowband and baseband narrowband.

12. A method according to any of clauses 7 to 11, wherein the bandwidthstatus corresponds to at least one parameter characterising thebandwidth size capability of the terminal receiver.

13. A base station for communicating data with at least one MTC-typeterminal device in a wireless telecommunications system using at leastone of a plurality of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex, OFDM,sub-carriers spanning a first frequency bandwidth, at least one of saidsubcarriers being a first unused subcarrier, the base stationcomprising:

a resource management unit adapted to select a centre frequency for avirtual channel, the virtual channel being a resource group selectedfrom the plurality of sub-carriers to which communications between theat least one MTC-type device and the base station are allocated and thevirtual channel having a centre frequency.

14. A base station according to clause 13, further comprising ascheduler adapted to allocate a second unused subcarrier at the selectedcentre frequency for the virtual channel.

15. A base station according to clause 13, further comprising:

a capability detection unit adapted to detect the bandwidth status of areceiver of the device and

a scheduler adapted to allocate at least one unused subcarrier to theselected centre frequency for the virtual channel,

wherein, if the MTC-type device is determined to have a first bandwidthstatus, the resource management unit is adapted to select a frequencysubstantially distinct from the centre frequency for the first frequencybandwidth as the centre frequency for the virtual channel,

whereas, if the MTC-type device is determined to have a second bandwidthstatus different from the first bandwidth status, the resourcemanagement unit is adapted to select the centre frequency for the firstfrequency bandwidth as the centre frequency for the virtual channel, and

wherein the scheduler is adapted to allocate the first unused subcarrierfor the first frequency bandwidth to be used as the at least one unusedsubcarrier allocated to the selected centre frequency.

16. A base station according to clause 15, further including a capacitymonitoring unit for determining the level of data traffic on virtualchannels, and

in the case where both the level of data traffic in the virtual channelis determined to exceed a capacity threshold level and the device isdetermined to have a second bandwidth status,

the resource management unit is adapted to select a frequencysubstantially distinct from the centre frequency for the first frequencybandwidth as the centre frequency for the virtual channel; and

the scheduler is further configured to designate the selected centrefrequency as an unused centre frequency for the virtual channel.

REFERENCES

[1] ETSI TS 122 368 V10.530 (2011-07)/3GPP TS 22.368 version 10.5.0Release 10)

[2] UK patent application GB 1101970.0

[3] UK patent application GB 1101981.7

[4] UK patent application GB 1101966.8

[5] UK patent application GB 1101983.3

[6] UK patent application GB 1101853.8

[7] UK patent application GB 1101982.5

[8] UK patent application GB 1101980.9

[9] UK patent application GB 1101972.6

[10] DCoffset primer

{http://venividiwiki.ee.virginia.edu/mediawiki/images/9/93/DCR_Raman.pdf}

[11] UK patent application GB 1113801.3

The invention claimed is:
 1. A base station for communicating data witha terminal in a wireless telecommunications system using a firstplurality of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) sub-carriersspanning a first frequency bandwidth, at least one of said OFDMsub-carriers being an unused center frequency at a center of the firstfrequency bandwidth, the base station comprising: circuitry configuredto: assign a center frequency at a center of a virtual channel inaccordance with a bandwidth status of a receiver of the terminal, thevirtual channel being a group of sub-carriers selected from said firstplurality of OFDM sub-carriers and spanning a second frequencybandwidth, said second frequency bandwidth being substantially narrowerthan the first frequency bandwidth; and allocate at least one unusedsub-carrier to said assigned center frequency, wherein when the terminalis determined to have a first bandwidth status representing anindication that the terminal has a receiver that can receive radiofrequency (RF) signals over the first frequency bandwidth and basebandsignals over the second frequency bandwidth, the center frequency forthe virtual channel is assigned to a frequency substantially distinctfrom the center frequency for the first frequency bandwidth and the atleast one unused sub-carrier allocated to the assigned center frequencyis the unused center frequency for the first frequency bandwidth.
 2. Abase station for communicating data with a terminal in a wirelesstelecommunications system using a first plurality of OrthogonalFrequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) sub-carriers spanning a firstfrequency bandwidth, at least one of said OFDM sub-carriers being anunused center frequency at a center of the first frequency bandwidth,the base station comprising: circuitry configured to: assign a centerfrequency at a center of a virtual channel in accordance with abandwidth status of a receiver of the terminal, the virtual channelbeing a group of sub-carriers selected from said first plurality of OFDMsub-carriers and spanning a second frequency bandwidth, said secondfrequency bandwidth being substantially narrower than the firstfrequency bandwidth; and allocate at least one unused sub-carrier tosaid assigned center frequency, wherein when the terminal is determinedto have a second bandwidth status representing an indication that theterminal has a receiver that can receive radio frequency (RF) signalsand baseband signals over the second frequency bandwidth, the centerfrequency for the virtual channel is assigned to the center frequencyfor the first frequency bandwidth and the at least one unusedsub-carrier allocated to the assigned center frequency is the unusedcenter frequency for the first frequency bandwidth.
 3. The base stationas claimed in claim 1, wherein the circuitry is configured to determinea level of data traffic on the virtual channel, and in the case whereboth the level of data traffic in the virtual channel is determined toexceed a capacity threshold level and the terminal is determined to havea second bandwidth status representing an indication that the receivercan receive RF signals and baseband signals over the second frequencybandwidth, the circuitry is configured to designate the assigned centerfrequency as an unused center frequency for the virtual channel, and theat least one unused sub-carrier allocated to the assigned centerfrequency is the designated unused center frequency.
 4. The base stationas claimed in claim 1, wherein the bandwidth status represents anindication of a classification of receiver architecture selected from agroup including: intermediate frequency conversion, direct conversion,normal narrowband and baseband narrowband.
 5. The base station asclaimed in claim 1, wherein the bandwidth status corresponds to at leastone parameter characterizing the bandwidth size capability of thereceiver.
 6. A method for communicating data with a terminal in awireless telecommunications system using a plurality of OrthogonalFrequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) sub-carriers spanning a firstfrequency bandwidth, at least one of said sub-carriers being an unusedcenter frequency for the first frequency bandwidth, the methodcomprising: assigning a center frequency for a virtual channel inaccordance with a bandwidth status of a receiver of the terminal, thevirtual channel being a group of sub-carriers selected from saidplurality of OFDM sub-carriers and spanning a second frequencybandwidth, said second frequency bandwidth being substantially narrowerthan the first frequency bandwidth; and allocating at least one unusedsub-carrier to said assigned center frequency, wherein when the terminalis determined to have a first bandwidth status representing anindication that the terminal has a receiver that can receive radiofrequency (RF) signals over the first frequency bandwidth and basebandsignals over the second frequency bandwidth, the center frequency forthe virtual channel is assigned to a frequency substantially distinctfrom the center frequency for the first frequency bandwidth and the atleast one unused sub-carrier allocated to the assigned center frequencyis the unused center frequency for the first frequency bandwidth.
 7. Themethod as claimed in claim 6, further comprising: determining a level ofdata traffic on the virtual channel; in the case where both the level ofdata traffic in the virtual channel is determined to exceed a capacitythreshold level and the terminal is determined to have a secondbandwidth status, the center frequency for the virtual channel isassigned to a frequency substantially distinct from the center frequencyfor the first frequency bandwidth; and designating the assigned centerfrequency as an unused center frequency for the virtual channel, whereinthe allocating at least one unused sub-carrier to said assigned centerfrequency comprises allocating the designated unused center frequency tothe assigned center frequency.
 8. The method as claimed in claim 6,wherein the bandwidth status is a classification of terminal receiverarchitecture selected from a group including: intermediate frequencyconversion, direct conversion, normal narrowband and basebandnarrowband.
 9. The as claimed in claim 6, wherein the bandwidth statuscorresponds to at least one parameter characterizing the bandwidth sizecapability of the terminal receiver.
 10. A base station for corecommunicating data with at least one machine-type communication(MTC)-type terminal device in a wireless telecommunications system usingat least one of a plurality of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex(OFDM) sub-carriers spanning a first frequency bandwidth, at least oneof said sub-carriers being a first unused sub-carrier, the base stationcomprising: circuitry configured to select a center frequency for avirtual channel, the virtual channel being a resource group selectedfrom the plurality of OFDM sub-carriers to which communications betweenthe at least one MTC-type device and the base station are allocated andthe virtual channel having a center frequency; and allocate at least oneunused sub-carrier to the selected center frequency for the virtualchannel, wherein when the MTC-type device is determined to have a firstbandwidth status, the circuitry selects a frequency substantiallydistinct from the center frequency for the first frequency bandwidth asthe center frequency for the virtual channel, when the MTC-type deviceis determined to have a second bandwidth status different from the firstbandwidth status, the circuitry selects the center frequency for thefirst frequency bandwidth as the center frequency for the virtualchannel, and the circuitry allocates the first unused sub-carrier forthe first frequency bandwidth to be used as the at least one unusedsub-carrier allocated to the selected center frequency.
 11. The basestation as claimed in claim 10, wherein the circuitry is configured toallocate a second unused sub-carrier at the selected center frequencyfor the virtual channel.
 12. The base station as claimed in claim 10,wherein the circuitry is configured to determine a level of data trafficon the virtual channel, and when both the level of data traffic in thevirtual channel is determined to exceed a capacity threshold level andthe device is determined to have a second bandwidth status, select afrequency substantially distinct from the center frequency for the firstfrequency bandwidth as the center frequency for the virtual channel, anddesignate the selected center frequency as an unused center frequencyfor the virtual channel.
 13. The base station as claimed in claim 2,wherein the circuitry is configured to determine a level of data trafficon the virtual channel.
 14. The base station as claimed in claim 2,wherein the bandwidth status represents an indication of aclassification of receiver architecture selected from a group including:intermediate frequency conversion, direct conversion, normal narrowbandand baseband narrowband.
 15. The base station as claimed in claim 2,wherein the bandwidth status corresponds to at least one parametercharacterizing the bandwidth size capability of the receiver.